Background and purpose: Cognitive problems after traumatic brain injury may affect all aspects of life in injured people. One of these problems is visuospatial working memory deficit which was investigated in this study on patients with mild head injury.Materials and methods: We conducted a cohort study in 60 patients with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) and 60 healthy cases in Trauma Research Center (TRC) affiliated with Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The subjects were followed for 6 months after which Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) (form C, administration methods A and D) was used for their assessment. T test, Chi-square test and repeated One-way ANOVA were used for the analysis of data. P≤0.05 was considered significant.Results: The two groups were significantly different in their correct scores in administrations A and D of Benton test (P≤0.05). The results indicated a correlation between the sites of injury and number of correct scores in Visual memories of MTBI patients (P=0.003).Conclusion: Impaired spatial Visual memory in MTBI patients in concordance with other findings in this field are in favor of significant functional problems in this group which mandates a more prolonged systematic approach and better follow up plans to overcome many hidden difficulties these people experience.

Background: Neuropathic pain is one of the most important chronic and pathological problems that can cause disruptions in human life. Some studies indicated that the release of inflammatory cytokines and increased oxidative activity can increase nerve damage. Adalimumab is a human anti-monoclonal drug that can cause therapeutic effects in different diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effects of adalimumab in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) experimental pain model in rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 male Wistar rats were utilized in this study and were randomly assigned to four groups: the first group served as the control, the second group underwent CCI, the third group received CCI in conjunction with adalimumab (5 mg/kg), and the fourth group received CCI with adalimumab (10 mg/kg). Behavioral assessments were conducted 4, 7, and 14 days post-CCI induction. The spinal cords were extracted after these assessments, and the supernatants were analyzed for inflammatory and oxidative enzymes. Data analysis was performed using Prism GraphPad statistical software. Results: The analysis of the obtained data indicated that the injection of adalimumab in the third and fourth groups decreased the activity of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP. In addition, it decreased the activity of MDA and increased the SOD and CAT enzymes. Moreover, adalimumab significantly improved the outcomes of thermal allodynia, mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia in the CCI rats treated with this medication. Conclusion: The administration of adalimumab can be used to treat or reduce neuropathic pain with its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, along with neuroprotective effects.

Background: Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is the least brain injury due to direct or indirect blow to the head, which according to the Glasgow scale is given a score between 13 and 15. The findings indicate cognitive impairment. Perceptual dysfunction is one of the most important cognitive deficits in these patients. The present study was designed and performed to compare MTBI patients with healthy individuals in terms of Visual perception error (VPE). Materials and methods: In this causal-comparative study, 30 MTBI patients, in the range of 15-45 and mean age of 27 years and 10 months, with a diagnostic history of less than one year in Ilam hospitals, and 30 healthy individuals in the same range and mean age of 29 years and 7 months (both groups with equal sex) were randomly selected and assessed by VPEMT. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and Levin using SPSS 23. Results: The results showed that the mean VPE in patients with MTBI with unequal variances (P <0. 05), at the level of 95% is significantly higher than healthy individuals (P <0. 05). Conclusion: This finding, consistent with the results of previous research, indicates the chronic cognitive consequences of concussion, even at a mild level, at least up to one year after injury, and causes a sharp increase in VPE. It is necessary to pay attention to Visual perception errors in clinical and legal evaluations of these patients. However, a definitive judgment in this regard requires future research.

Objectives: The Visual system plays a crucial role in controlling the posture of individuals by updating information on the positions and movements that different parts of the body perform. This study aimed to investigate and compare the role of vision in balance recovery strategies between healthy, prone to injury, Coper, and chronic ankle instability (CAI). Methods: The current research was of an applied and comparative type, which was conducted on male athletes in the age group of 18 to 30 years. Subjects were divided purposefully into four groups including CAI (n=15), Coper (n=15), prone to ankle injury (n=15), and healthy group (n=15). In this study, treadmills were used to create disturbance in the subjects’ postures in both anterior and posterior directions, and Kinovea software to record kinematic information about subjects during sudden disturbances. Paired t-test was used to compare the scores of the subjects in open and closed eyes. Results: The results of the paired t-test showed that in the variables of ankle oscillations, hip oscillations, and the ratio of the hip to ankle oscillations in both anterior and posterior disturbances in the groups of CAI, Coper, prone to injury, and healthy, there was a significant difference between open eyes (P=0.001) and closed eyes (P=0.001). The order of most fluctuations in all variables was from CAI group to Coper, prone to injury, and healthy, indicating the greater effectiveness of balance recovery strategies by eliminating Visual feedback in the CAI group. Discussion: To summarize the research findings, compared with uninjured and Coper participants, those with CAI had less balance and more functional limitations. Therefore, in training programs for ankle sprain rehabilitation, special attention should be paid to balance recovery strategies and the role of Visual feedback to control posture.